AP Biology

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Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

Chapter 1 covers the basics of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, focusing on their structures, functions, and roles in biological processes.

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Chapter 2 focuses on nucleic acids, primarily DNA and RNA, exploring their structure, functions, and roles in genetics and protein synthesis.
This Chapter includes the Unit 1 Worksheet
Total no. of Questions: 22
MCQ: 20
FRQ: 2

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Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function

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Chapter 3 is about cell structure and function. It covers cell theory, differentiates between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and details various cell organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and others, explaining their roles within the cell.

Subcellular Components

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Subcellular Components, Cytoskeletal Structures, and Cell Size

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Chapter 4 focuses on cell junctions, like tight and anchoring junctions, and the transport of substances across cell membranes, including diffusion and osmosis. It also discusses the compartmentalization in cells and the endosymbiotic theory. This Chapter includes the Unit 2 Worksheet Total No. of Questions: 25 MCQ: 23 FRQ: 2

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Unit 3: Cellular Energetics

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Chapter 5 discusses bioenergetics and enzymes, focusing on cellular metabolism, ATP, and the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions. It also examines how temperature, pH, and inhibitors impact enzyme activity.

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Chapter 6 is about "Cellular Energy," focusing on the principles of energy in biological systems, laws of thermodynamics, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration. It explains energy transformations, light reactions, the Calvin cycle, and aerobic and anaerobic respiration processes. This Chapter includes the Unit 3 Worksheet Total No. of Questions: 30 MCQ: 28 FRQ: 2

Photosynthesis

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Cellular Respiration

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Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

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Chapter 7 covers cell communication and the cell cycle. It explains cell-to-cell communication mechanisms, including direct contact and hormonal signaling, and the cell cycle processes, focusing on growth, reproduction, and regulation.

Cell Communication

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Signal Transduction Pathway

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Chapter 8 focuses on the cell cycle, discussing stages like DNA replication, cell growth, mitosis, and meiosis. It also examines cell cycle regulation and its implications in cancer development. This Chapter includes the Unit 2 Worksheet Total No. of Questions: 37 MCQ: 35 FRQ: 2

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Unit 5: Heredity

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Chapter 9 focuses on "Meiosis and Genetic Diversity," exploring the process of meiosis, heredity, and the creation of genetic diversity in sexual reproduction.

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Chapter 10, "Mendelian Genetics," explores the fundamental principles of inheritance, including Mendel's laws, alleles, phenotypes, genotypes, and genetic crosses. It also discusses probability in genetics and linked genes.

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Chapter 11 explores non-Mendelian genetics, including complex inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance and codominance. It also covers phenomena such as pleiotropy, epistasis, polygenic inheritance, lethal alleles, sex-linked traits, and mitochondrial inheritance, highlighting genetic diversity and complexity.

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Chapter 12 explores inheritance patterns, including autosomal and X-linked dominance and recessiveness, Y-linked, and mitochondrial inheritance. It also discusses how environmental factors can influence gene expression, such as Arctic fox color change and temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles.

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Chapter 13 focuses on the Chi-Square Test. It details the statistical method used to compare observed data with expected data under a specific hypothesis, emphasizing its application in biological experiments and genetics. This Chapter includes the Unit 5 Worksheet Total No. of Questions: 38 MCQ: 35 FRQ: 3

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Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation

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Chapter 14 focuses on gene expression, DNA structure, and critical genetic experiments. It covers DNA replication, RNA, and protein synthesis through transcription and translation, highlighting the central dogma of molecular biology.

Historical Experiments and Structure of DNA

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DNA Replication

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Transcription and Translation

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Chapter 15 covers mutations, genetic disorders, and gene regulation. It discusses various types of mutations, their causes, and consequences, as well as the mechanisms of gene regulation in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including operons and epigenetic factors. This Chapter includes the Unit 2 Worksheet Total No. of Questions: 42 MCQ: 40 FRQ: 2

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Unit 7: Natural Selection

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Chapter 16 focuses on evolution and natural selection. It discusses the history and theory of evolution, including the concepts of natural and artificial selection and various patterns of selection, such as stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection.

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Chapter 17 discusses population genetics and speciation. It covers the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genetic drift, and various types of speciation, including allopatric, sympatric, and parapatric speciation. It highlights the dynamics of population genetics and the processes leading to the formation of new species.

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Chapter 18 examines the evidence for evolution and various evolutionary models. It discusses phylogenetic relationships, morphological and molecular evidence for common ancestry, the fossil record, comparative embryology, and the concepts of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium in evolutionary change.

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Chapter 19 discusses the origin of life on Earth. It explores various hypotheses about life's emergence, including the Oparin-Haldane and RNA World hypotheses. It examines the Miller-Urey experiment's contributions to understanding the chemical origins of life. This Chapter includes the Unit 2 Worksheet Total No. of Questions: 52 MCQ: 50 FRQ: 2

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Unit 8: Ecology

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Chapter 20 focuses on ecology, the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It examines various ecological levels, from individual organisms to ecosystems and the biosphere, and explores population dynamics, community interactions, and different environmental strategies and adaptations.

Population Ecology

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Population Dynamics and Community Ecology

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Chapter 21 explores community structure, including species diversity and the roles of keystone and invasive species. It also covers ecological succession, highlighting primary and secondary succession and how ecosystems evolve.

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Chapter 22 explores energy flow and matter recycling in ecosystems, including food chains, webs, and biogeochemical cycles. It highlights the unidirectional flow of energy and the impact on ecological processes. This Chapter includes the Unit 2 Worksheet Total No. of Questions: 42 MCQ: 40 FRQ: 2

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FLT 1: AP Biology FLT-1

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Section I

Multiple Choice Questions

Duration: 90mins
Total Questions: 60

Section II

Free-Response Questions

Duration: 90mins
Total Questions: 6

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FLT 2: AP Biology FLT-2

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SECTION I

Multiple Choice Questions

Duration: 90mins
Total Questions: 60

SECTION II

Section II: Free-Response

Duration: 90mins
Total Questions: 6

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FLT 3: AP Biology FLT-3

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SECTION I

Multiple Choice Questions

Duration: 90mins
Total Questions: 60

SECTION II

Section II: Free-Response

Duration: 90mins
Total Questions: 6

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FLT 4: AP Biology FLT-4

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SECTION I

Multiple Choice Questions

Duration: 90mins
Total Questions: 60

SECTION II

Section II: Free-Response

Duration: 90mins
Total Questions: 6

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Units

Full Length Test

Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

Chapter 1: Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids

Chapter 2: Nucleic Acids

Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function

Chapter 3: Introduction to Cells and Organelles

Subcellular Components

Subcellular Components, Cytoskeletal Structures, and Cell Size

Chapter 4: Cell Junction and Movement of Substances

Unit 3: Cellular Energetics

Chapter 5: Bioenergetics and Enzymes

Chapter 6: Cellular Energy

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

Chapter 7: Cell Communication

Cell Communication

Signal Transduction Pathway

Chapter 8: Cell Cycle

Unit 5: Heredity

Chapter 9: Meiosis and Genetic Diversity

Chapter 10: Mendelian Genetics

Chapter 11: Non- Mendelian Genetics

Chapter 12: Modes of Inheritance and Environmental Effects on Phenotypes

Chapter 13: Chi-Square Test

Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation

Chapter 14: History and Structure of DNA

Historical Experiments and Structure of DNA

DNA Replication

Transcription and Translation

Chapter 15: Mutations, Genetic Disorders, and Gene Regulation

Unit 7: Natural Selection

Chapter 16: Histories and Evolution Via Natural Selection

Chapter 17: Population Genetics and Speciation

Chapter 18: Evidence and Types of Evolution

Chapter 19: Origin of Life

Unit 8: Ecology

Chapter 20: Population Ecology

Population Ecology

Population Dynamics and Community Ecology

Chapter 21: Community Structure and Ecological Succession

Chapter 22: Energy and Matter in Ecosystem

FLT 1: AP Biology FLT-1

Section I

Multiple Choice Questions

Section II

Free-Response Questions

FLT 2: AP Biology FLT-2

SECTION I

Multiple Choice Questions

SECTION II

Section II: Free-Response

FLT 3: AP Biology FLT-3

SECTION I

Multiple Choice Questions

SECTION II

Section II: Free-Response

FLT 4: AP Biology FLT-4

SECTION I

Multiple Choice Questions

SECTION II

Section II: Free-Response